El caballo de Troya

EL MÍTICO CABALLO DE TROYA… ¿NO ERA UN CABALLO?

Troya, siglo XIII antes de Cristo. Un enorme caballo de madera se alza ante las murallas de la ciudad. Los troyanos, asediados durante diez años por el ejército griego, interpretan en este extraño objeto un símbolo de la rendición de sus enemigos. Deciden llevar el caballo dentro de las murallas de la ciudad, sin saber que con ello están sellando su trágico destino.

La guerra de Troya y sus protagonistas

Para poner en contexto la leyenda del mítico Caballo de Troya, el ingenioso truco de guerra ideado por Ulises que ha pervivido en el imaginario colectivo durante milenios, tendremos que situarnos primero en la legendaria guerra de Troya.

Sé que muchos de vosotros pensaréis inmediatamente en la película ‘Troya’ cuando escuchéis hablar del Caballo de Troya o de Aquiles, pero aquí nos vamos a basar en el relato mitológico clásico, que guarda algunas diferencias con la película.

Vamos a empezar por conocer a los protagonistas de la guerra de Troya:

Aquiles héroe de Troya

Aquiles

Es el guerrero griego más temido, prácticamente invulnerable, aunque tiene un punto débil: su talón. Según el mito, cuando Aquiles nació, su madre le sumergió en el río Estigia sujetándole por el talón, que no llegó a tocar el agua, por eso no es totalmente inmortal. Aquiles es el protagonista de la Ilíada y su ira es el motor de la narrativa. No es un héroe en el sentido moderno del término sino un héroe épico, lo que significa que tiene virtudes y defectos exagerados. Su ira y su orgullo son tan grandes como su valentía y su habilidad en la batalla.

Odiseo o Ulises

Odiseo

También conocido por su nombre latino Ulises, es el rey de la isla de Ítaca, y no destaca por ser un guerrero particularmente fuerte, sino por su astucia e inteligencia. Es el cerebro detrás del Caballo de Troya. La figura de Odiseo es sobre todo conocida por ser el protagonista de la Odisea, que narra los hechos que tienen lugar después de la guerra de Troya y su largo viaje de regreso desde Troya a su tierra, Ítaca.

Helena de Troya

Helena de Troya

Es la reina de Esparta, conocida como la mujer más hermosa del mundo. Es hija de Zeus, así que podríamos decir que su belleza tiene una dimensión divina.

Menelao

Menelao

Rey de Esparta y esposo de Helena. Su papel es fundamental en el inicio de la guerra aunque luego ya no tiene tanto protagonismo. 

Paris, príncipe de Troya

Paris

Príncipe de Troya, famoso por su belleza y por raptar a Helena, provocando así el conflicto que inició la guerra.

Paris fue protagonista de un momento clave de la mitología griega, la manzana de la discordia.

La diosa de la discordia se sintió ofendida por no haber sido invitada a la boda de los padres de Aquiles. En venganza, lanzó una manzana dorada al banquete con la inscripción «Para la más bella».

Las tres diosas Hera, Atenea y Afrodita reclamaron la manzana, afirmando cada una que era la más bella. Zeus, no queriendo involucrarse en la disputa, designó a Paris como juez para que decidiese él.

Cada diosa intentó sobornar a Paris con diferentes regalos: Hera le ofreció poder político, Atenea le ofreció habilidades en la guerra y Afrodita le ofreció el amor de la mujer más bella del mundo: Helena de Esparta. Paris eligió a Afrodita, lo que llevó a que Helena se fugase con él, desencadenando así la Guerra de Troya.

 

Agamenón Troya

Agamenón

Rey de Micenas y hermano mayor de Menelao, Agamenón es el líder de la coalición griega que asedia Troya. Es un personaje complejo que representa tanto la autoridad como la arrogancia. Agamenón es un líder poderoso pero imperfecto, cuyas decisiones tienen un impacto significativo en el curso de la guerra.

Héctor, príncipe de Troya

Héctor

Príncipe de Troya y hermano de Paris. Héctor es el pilar de la defensa troyana y es conocido por su valentía, habilidad en la batalla y sentido del deber. A diferencia de su hermano Paris, Héctor es un líder militar respetado que lucha para proteger su ciudad y su familia. Su enfrentamiento con Aquiles es uno de los momentos más dramáticos de la Ilíada. 

Príamo, rey de Troya

Príamo

Rey de Troya, padre de Héctor y Paris. Príamo es un monarca anciano que ha visto a su ciudad prosperar pero que ahora enfrenta su mayor desafío con la guerra contra los griegos. Aunque es un rey sabio y experimentado, sufre profundamente por las pérdidas que su familia y su ciudad experimentan durante la guerra.

Sinón, guerrero griego

Sinón

Es el soldado griego que engaña a los troyanos para que lleven el Caballo de Troya dentro de la ciudad.

El final de la guerra y la caída de Troya

La guerra entre los griegos y los troyanos comenzó con el rapto de Helena, por parte del príncipe Paris. A partir de eso los diferentes estados griegos unen sus fuerzas para sitiar la ciudad de Troya durante diez largos años.

Después de todo este tiempo los griegos no habían logrado rebasar las impenetrables murallas de Troya. Fue entonces cuando Ulises ideó un plan que pasaría a los anales de la historia como uno de los trucos de guerra más ingeniosos jamás concebidos: el Caballo de Troya.

Bajo la dirección de Ulises, el artesano Epeo construyó un enorme caballo de madera hueco por dentro. En su interior se escondieron los mejores guerreros griegos, mientras los demás se retiraban con su flota a una isla cercana después de haber quemado el campamento. El guerrero Sinón se quedó atrás con la misión de engañar a los troyanos para que metiesen el caballo dentro de las murallas de la ciudad. Sinón se hizo pasar por un desertor, contándoles a los troyanos que el caballo era una ofrenda que los griegos habían dejado a los dioses para asegurarse un buen viaje de vuelta a Grecia. Además, según algunas versiones, la diosa Atenea contribuyó a que los troyanos no dudasen en creer la historia e introdujesen el caballo de madera en la ciudad.

Una vez que el Caballo de Troya fue llevado dentro de las murallas de la ciudad, los troyanos celebraron lo que creían era el fin de una guerra larga y agotadora.

Pero mientras la ciudad dormía, los guerreros griegos escondidos en el caballo emergieron en la oscuridad de la noche. Abrieron las puertas de la ciudad para permitir la entrada del ejército griego, que había regresado en secreto desde la isla cercana donde estaban escondidos.

Los troyanos, tomados completamente por sorpresa y en estado de embriaguez por las celebraciones, fueron derrotados fácilmente.

Los griegos saquearon y quemaron la ciudad de Troya hasta los cimientos, marcando el trágico final de una guerra que había durado una década. Así gracias al astuto plan de Ulises se produjo la caída de Troya, y el Caballo de Troya pasó a la memoria colectiva como el artefacto de guerra más ingenioso de la historia.

El «hyppos» de Troya no era un caballo

Ahora bien, ¿qué te parecería si te dijese que el supuesto caballo de troya no era un caballo sino un barco? Esta es la teoría que desarrolla el profesor Francesco Tiboni en su libro “El hyppos de Troya: por qué Homero nunca habló de un caballo “. Las primeras menciones al caballo de Troya aparecen en la Odisea de Homero, escrita en griego. La palabra “hyppos” en griego significaba “caballo” pero también designaba un tipo de barco fenicio. Los “hyppoi”, que es el plural de hyppos, eran barcos mercantes que tenían tallada una cabeza de caballo en el mascarón de proa. El profesor Tiboni es arqueólogo naval y basa su teoría en diferentes evidencias: por un lado, diferentes textos griegos en los que se alude a los hyppoi como un tipo de barcos. Por otro lado en la iconografía, esto es, las representaciones gráficas de barcos que aparecen en antiguas vasijas y otros elementos artísticos. Y por otro lado, el estudio de restos auténticos de barcos de la época que han sido recuperados.

Esta teoría es sorprendente, pero también tiene su lógica. En la antigüedad, este tipo de barcos se presentaban como ofrenda al bando vencedor después de una derrota, cargados con tributos en forma de cobre, metales preciosos y objetos exóticos. Según explica Francesco Tiboni, la práctica incluía arrastrar el barco con estructuras de poleas y rodillos dentro de la ciudad para administrar allí los tributos de los enemigos que iban dentro. Desde esta perspectiva, a los troyanos incluso les resultaría más interesante un barco lleno de tesoros que un caballo de madera que a última hora no tenía ninguna utilidad práctica.

¿Existió la guerra de Troya?

Tanto si el caballo de troya, o mejor dicho el “hyppos de troya” era realmente un caballo como si era un barco, la verdad es que no está probada su existencia. Se trata de una leyenda mítica, pero no hay evidencias de que el caballo de troya o el barco de troya haya existido realmente.

Tampoco se tiene constancia de que haya existido la mítica guerra de Troya tal y como se narra en las leyendas épicas clásicas. El historiador griego Heródoto, que vivió en el siglo 5 antes de Cristo, mencionó que la guerra de Troya había ocurrido unos ocho siglos antes, lo que indica que en su época sí se consideraba un hecho histórico. Pero la historia completa de la guerra de Troya no procede de una única fuente, sino de fuentes diversas que cuentan diferentes fragmentos y a su vez se basan en la tradición oral. La Ilíada de Homero solo narra un episodio del último año de la guerra. La Eneida del poeta latino Virgilio fue escrita unos ochocientos años después, y narra ciertos hechos de la guerra desde la perspectiva de un troyano. Por todo ello, hoy en día se tiende más a creer que la guerra que se describe en las epopeyas es más bien un conglomerado de diferentes batallas épicas sucedidas en la antigüedad.

En cuanto a la antigua ciudad de Troya, se la ha ubicado en la actual Turquía, en el emplazamiento arqueológico de Hisarlik a unos 30 kilómetros de la ciudad de Çanakkale. Como curiosidad, el caballo de madera utilizado en la película Troya se encuentra en esta ciudad, expuesto en el paseo marítimo. Fue un regalo de Hollywood a la antigua Troya al terminar la película, pero esta vez, afortunadamente, no llevaba a nadie dentro.

¿Os podéis imaginar el caballo de troya de otra forma que no sea un caballo? A mí la verdad me resulta difícil. A estas alturas de la historia, el mito de Troya ya no es solo de Homero, es casi un patrimonio de la humanidad, y va a ser difícil imaginarse un barco fenicio cargado de tesoros en lugar del caballo de madera.

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